The space sector encompasses a broad range of activities and technologies related to the exploration and utilization of outer space. These include the development and launch of satellites, scientific research into space phenomena, Earth observation for environmental and climate monitoring, satellite communications, and astronomy.

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The construction and operation of ground infrastructure such as control centers and tracking stations are also vital, supported by an industry dedicated to producing and developing space-related technologies and services. This includes manufacturing satellites, rockets, and other launch vehicles, as well as creating software and control systems for space operations.

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Such activities require a robust legal framework composed of laws, regulations, and policies. These must outline clear strategies and rules governing the launch and operation of satellites and spaceports, particularly addressing liability for damages caused by space objects.

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This legal structure is essential for ensuring compliance with international standards, safeguarding national interests, and fostering a safe and sustainable environment for the space industry. It provides the foundation for the sector's orderly and innovative growth, encouraging investment and technological advancement.

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Africa's space sector is experiencing rapid growth, offering extraordinary potential. In this article, we explore the sector's promise for Mozambique and highlight the decisive moment it currently faces—a unique opportunity for socio-economic and digital development.

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We also emphasize the urgent need for a coherent and consistent legal and political framework to support this development.

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I - Mozambique's Initial Steps

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Mozambique has made significant strides, although its national legal framework is still in its early stages.

The National Agency for Geospatial Development, IP (ADE, IP) was established to promote spatial development initiatives, share knowledge, develop socio-economic analysis tools, and conduct studies to inform geospatial planning, particularly in the Development Corridors.

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In addition, the Mozambique Spatial Data Infrastructure (IDEMOC) was created to facilitate the creation, exchange, and use of spatial data within an information-sharing community.

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IDEMOC is expected to be supported by an internet-accessible geoportal offering various functionalities, such as searching, viewing, downloading, invoking spatial data services, and performing spatial analyses.

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II - The Sector Across Africa

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Valued at USD 22.64 billion, the African space market is projected to grow substantially by 2026, driven by satellite manufacturing, infrastructure development, and the emergence of New Space companies.

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Since Egypt's launch of NILESAT 101 in 1998, African nations have invested over USD 4.7 billion in space initiatives. More than two dozen countries have established space agencies. In 2024, the African Union Commission allocated USD 465.34 million to enhance the continent's space capabilities.

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South Africa stands out as a leader in this domain. The 1993 Space Affairs Act established the South African Space Affairs Council to manage space activities. In 2008, the South African National Space Agency (SANSA) was founded to advance space science research and industrial development in line with national policy. SANSA, alongside the Space Affairs Council, reflects the country's strong commitment to space innovation.

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Egypt, another leading force, hosts the African Space Agency and has the continent's largest satellite fleet. Established in 2019 under Law No. 3 of 2018, the Egyptian Space Agency aims to develop domestic satellite production and launch capabilities.

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Angola has also shown notable progress. It created the National Space Program Management Office and adopted the Space Strategy of the Republic of Angola 2016–2025, which prioritizes satellite development and space technologies for national benefit.

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The African New Space sector now includes more than 500 companies across the entire value chain, positioning the continent as a rising force in the global space economy.

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III - Mozambique's Potential and Space Technologies

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Mozambique holds great potential in the space sector, particularly in Earth observation. IDEMOC, managed by ADE, IP, will offer a geoportal providing key spatial data functionalities, including:

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a. Search

b. Visualization

c. Downloading

d. Invocation of web-based geo-services

e. Spatial data catalogs

f. Metadata editing

g. Data uploading

h. Data conversion

i. Document library

j. User communication system

k. Geoportal monitoring

l. Spatial analysis

m. Spatial data storage

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The collaboration between IDEMOC and ADE, IP is crucial. It will allow Mozambique to visualize ecological potential and support infrastructure planning, including schools, hospitals, roads, and utility systems. It will also enhance disaster monitoring and response, a pressing issue due to the country’s vulnerability to extreme weather events.

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Although promising, these initiatives remain modest given the vast potential of space technologies. Spatial data can significantly aid infrastructure development and planning, while satellite monitoring can improve disaster preparedness and resilience.

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Space technology represents a transformative opportunity for Mozambique, enabling improved land management, environmental stewardship, and socio-economic development, while strengthening the country's global presence.

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IV - The African Space Agency

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The rise in attention and investment in space is evident across Africa. In January 2023, the African Union established the African Space Agency to promote strategic coordination among member states in alignment with Agenda 2063, the African Space Policy, and the African Space Strategy.

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Based in Cairo, Egypt, the Agency is set to be inaugurated in the week of April 21, 2025. It will serve as a hub for collaboration between Africa and international partners, focusing on coordination rather than direct satellite production or launches.

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One of the Agency’s primary objectives is to strengthen continental space missions, ensuring access to space-derived data, services, and products. It aims to support sustainable and locally-driven space industries that meet Africa’s needs.

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The Agency will also assist member states and regional communities in developing national space programs and infrastructures while coordinating a regulatory framework for space activities across Africa.

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This presents a new era of opportunity for both Africa and Mozambique. Strengthening ties between ADE, IP, IDEMOC, and the African Space Agency could provide Mozambique with access to technological, financial, and knowledge resources.

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Developing the space sector is vital for sustainable development, national security, and innovation. It can drive the creation of advanced technologies that benefit both space missions and life on Earth.

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To realize this potential, Mozambique must establish a robust and stable legal framework. Clear regulations will attract investment, promote international cooperation, and encourage the responsible use of space technologies.

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By creating a comprehensive space policy and legislation, Mozambique can position itself as an emerging leader in the African space industry. This is a critical moment for the nation to affirm its commitment to the sector. Let's not waste this opportunity.

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This article was written by JLA trainee lawyer Karen Mimbir, in collaboration with João Lupi, senior associate at Abreu Advogados, JLA's partner law firm in Portugal.